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Albert Einstein - spacetime relativity theory
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. Isaac
Newton . Rene
Descartes . William
Gilbert .........
Einstein's continuum .
Blackbox Einstein .......
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955) developed a theory of the universe
based on a spacetime continuum, somewhat like Descartes' earlier
dead-matter mechanical universe with its ether. Gravity was an
integral part of Einstein's spacetime continuum, and light and
other electromagnetic signals propogated through it at a constant
speed - the speed of light. This relativity theory chiefly derived
from the relativity of signals conveying information to human
observers. Einsteins theory of relativity did not include any
explanation of electromagnetic action, though Einstein did seek in
vain to find some way of including it.
Einstein's physics theory maths was an advance over Newton's in
correctly predicting more in astronomy and some other areas, and
was mostly published as short papers in German science journals.
But some of what are claimed to be its predictions, including time-travel,
seem very doubtful.
Einstein's science theory.
Up to Newton's time, and indeed for a good time beyond,
physicists and astronomers were almost all agreed that the physical
universe followed basically simple laws of behaviour, and that
their observations and experiments showed that - though explanation
of it was not so fully agreed. But by Einstein's time technology
and experiments had become more sophisticated and seemed to be
showing that the physical universe followed more complex laws of
behaviour, perhaps even defying logic. Little effort was put into
developing Newtonian physics, and instead new physics theories were
developed - by returning to the Kepler method of trying to produce
physics theories from mathematics.
Forcefield theory was already taking the view that force or energy
could have forms other than Descartes mass-in-motion. And Descartes
mobile-mass ether was to H.A.Lorentz a rather different
'force-ether' present everywhere and basically immobile with light
being an ether wave, and Einstein at first took that as proven and
deduced that a direct consequence of the stationary ether was that
the velocity of light with respect to the ether is a constant,
independent of the motion of the source of light or the observer.
Lorentz took the ether as being the ONLY valid inertial frame of
reference for light.
The Special Theory of Relativity
By 1905 Einstein had concluded that the immobile Lorentz ether
was disproved by the Mitchelson-Morley experiment and that light
was not an ether wave, and that any observer frame of reference in
which Newton's law of inertia holds (for some period of time) is an
inertial frame of reference. All observer frames of reference (and
only such frames) at rest or moving with constant velocity with
respect to a given inertial frame are also inertial frames.
Einstein in 1905 asserted that all the laws of physics take the
same form in any inertial frame, including them having the same
constant velocity of light relating to time determination with time
being a relative variable. Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity
universe was based on a new kind of 'force-ether' or 'field' that
was a 'space-time continuum'.
Hence the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiments (on our moving Earth,
to demonstrate its motion through an immobile light-ether) showed
light apparently having no velocity variation in a vacuum when such
was expected in the Descartes-style Lorentz ether assumed in
vacuums. Many concluded that this disproved all Descartes'
push-forces physics, and many wrongly thought that also meant all
Newton physics - but it proved only that a vacuum does not affect
the passage of light much, or at least its wave velocity, - or
simply that measuring any velocity within a moving system cannot
reflect the systems velocity ? Physical detectors/observers could
be even themselves be automatically adjusting reported signal
velocities for relative velocity. Though it has long been taken
that all objects on the Earth share the Earth's velocity, this
experiment did weaken the then current modified-Descartes' Lorentz
ether theory - but not maybe Descarte's own ether theory claiming
the ether pushed the Earth along and so they would have the same
velocity ? Somehow Einstein and his peers claimed that this
experiment crucially proved his theory (eg. Einstein's 1912
manuscript on the special theory of relativity pp.18.) - though
some other experiments were also perhaps more justifiably claimed
to be proofs supporting at least Einsteins maths.
Michelson-Morley interferometer speed of light experiment ;
Newton and Einstein both produced substantial works on light
being particulate or corpuscular quanta, rather than waves in any
ether, but Newton moved to his 'either push-particles or
robot-particles might hold' black-box theory position while
Einstein took a 'particle-wave duality' position on developing his
own continuum ether theory with a Dualist non-consistant theory of
light both being particle and being wave (or more accurately
perhaps Particle and medium-less EnergyPackets for which wave maths
held, with at least the latter not clearly defined). Newton and Einstein
both gave gravity a substantial part in
their physics but Einstein failed to integrate other forces and
left magnetism and electricity to an isolated electromagnetic
forcefield theory seemingly involving some other ether or continuum.
Competing non-ether physics ideas continued in quantum theories.
Until he developed his spacetime continuum theory of relativity,
Einstein had like Newton been a bit of a black-box mathematical
laws physicist with leanings towards Descartes mechanical universe
explanation, but his physics from then relates much to spacetime
continuum localisations and curvatures. These Einstein ideas were
to some extent along the lines of force field theory that had been
developed for electromagnetism, and to which he also increasingly
committed, and was basically a new energy-ether version of
Descartes' all-matter mechanical view of bodies not being
self-acting and with only humans doing any signal-response
'thinking' or 'observing'.
Einstein's famous equation E=mc² defined his postulated
inter-convertability of mass and energy (or force) as two forms of
matter, with c being the speed of light in a vacuum having to be
invariant to any non-accelerating observer even if moving towards
or away from the light. Einstein's matter was seen as involving
dead-mass and somehow dead-energy as a form of that, though it
perhaps better suits energetic-matter as allowing energy being
located in bodies and activating bodies more than just being the
motion of bodies as Descartes held. To Einstein, actual conversions
between mass and energy perhaps really held only for
'electromagnetic' radiation emitting and absorbing, though the
equation derives from bodies Descartes kinetic energy being half
mass times velocity squared. Descartes kinetic energy remained but now
as one form of energy only, with normal changes in it giving bodies
changes in 'potential mass'. Taking observers and light, or more
broadly 'electromagnetic radiations', as maybe more fundamental
than time and space, maybe came close to adopting a Gilbert-style
signal theory but Einstein went elsewhere with his spacetime
relativity. And his theory has perhaps produced some confusion of the
properties of matter and the properties of energy, especially for
matter-related energy like gravity. Einstein perhaps began the modern
physics ascribing of properties to things without proof of such properties
being consistent with other properties they had been proved to have.
Heisenberg and others claimed that there were limits beyond which
no observer could get exact knowledge of nature, so that scientific
predictions could at most be predictions of probabilities and
essentially blackbox. Einstein disagreed, supporting
full-prediction laws of nature and held that a valid theory's
necessary 'unseens' like his spacetime continuum would be
observable if only indirectly. But force field and spacetime
continua perhaps fit uneasily with eachother and uneasily with the
many discrete quantum effects that nature seems to actually exhibit
and have led to much work on developing a quantum mechanics physics
generally including human observer uncertainty though not
necessarily dropping all force field ethers.
The General Theory of Relativity
Einstein soon added gravity to his theory in his General Theory
of Relativity now involving a space-time-gravity continuum. This
addition came from Einstein's Equivalence Principle saying that
acceleration was equivalent to gravity, a perhaps arbitrary
limitation of Newton's force definition claim that force was whatever
produced acceleration and applied to all gravity, magnetism, collision
forces and other forces. Of course if, as Einstein's theory required,
Gravitational Attraction is equivalent to Acceleration, then how is that
consistent with Electrical attraction or repulsion not also being equivalent
to Acceleration (given that it is a well established fact that Gravitational
Attraction is certainly not equivalent to Electrical Attraction).
See eg The Equivalence Principle, from http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0908/0908.3885.pdf
However Einstein could
now claim some consistancy with Newton on gravity maths at least,
though not with a blackbox or all-forces physics, and Newton would no
doubt have strongly opposed Einstein's theory as requiring
'unscientific hypotheses about unseens'. Einstein's maths did better fit
the well known precession of the planet Mercury, but that remains a 1-off
experience until someone puts an artificial satellite in Mercury's orbit to
experimentally confirm that it also gets a similar precession. Einstein
devoted years to trying to modify his theory to handle all forces for a
non-arbitrary 'Unified Field Theory', but he could not manage this
and neither has anyone yet from General Relativity. Einstein held to the
basics of his continuum physics theory and, though agreeing that substantial
evidence of quantal phenomena in nature did make his continuum
theory doubtful, he thought that there must be one right theory and
he never considered quantum mechanics a better physics theory option.
His theory did have some absolute rigid requirements chiefly of his
continuum and of the particular velocity termed the speed of light.
If we removed Einstein's continuum relativity explanation from
Einstein theory then we would have a no-explaining black-box
Einstein theory maybe more complex and so less easily
understandable than Newton's as well as covering much less . Of
course, though some may be happy with the general idea of black-box
science, many will complain that 'they do not really explain
anything' - which supporters will say is fine if they correctly
predict everything, but the absence of an explanation can maybe
also make them harder to understand. Some modern physicists support
theories that involve extra dimensions as explanation, though to
many this does not itself explain anything and such theories might
be better presented as black-box ? There are certainly plenty of
proven cases of maths needing extra variables for reasons other
than dimensionality that such physics 'explanation' seems to
ignore.
The maths of Einstein's theory certainly seems to predict better
than the maths of Newton's theory in some limited areas, but that
in itself is perhaps no proof of Einstein's postulated explanation
- and as an explanation it maybe smacks of a mathematician's
attempt at a logically simple universe basically like the early
Harmonies and Geometries theories of Kepler which he abandoned ?
Albert Einstein's relativity universe explanation even he
considered to be at least incomplete, and now it perhaps is chiefly
supported by cosmologists and astronomers. Einstein repeatedly
claimed that Newton's ideas supported his own, though it may merely
have been that Einstein managed to construct his maths to match
Newton's maths under some conditions. Einstein badly misunderstood
the real nature of the attraction theory that Newton used as one
possible explanation theory (eg. thinking that it required
faster-than-light action, and nothing being emitted by bodies) and
Einstein largely ignored Newton black-box theory and the wider
cover of Newton physics. Yet Einstein confidently claimed that he
had disproved the basics of all Newton theory - and Einstein
assumed that Newton had disproved all prior physics. But any real
reading of Newton and Gilbert physics contradicts most of these
claims.
Einstein's general relativity physics involved as necessary the acceptance
of contradiction in physics theory, though many physicists somehow came to
support it only as a non-contradiction theory. He took physics acceptance of
wave-particle duality as the general acceptance of contradiction in physics.
Not just allowing contrary interpretations and contrary mathematics, which
Newton had allowed as a blackbox philosophical option, but allowing of actual
contradiction in experiments and in actual nature. Einstein said that nobody
fully understood his theory, seemingly meaning that everybody misunderstood
it. But, understood or misunderstood, key physicists proceeded to misrepresent
Einstein's physics as had happened with previous physics - and that continues.
In relation to gravity, the behaviour of Einstein's spacetime continuum
is commonly taken as not far from the behaviour of a Descartes' push ether
and so involving some of its problems that were well addressed by Newton.
However Einstein required that his continuum could not actually push objects
but somehow 'helped direct their motions' (maybe better as a signals-giving-responses
mechanismm ?) But really Einstein's gravity mechanism was poorly specified and
so was, and remains, misunderstood by most physicists.
In 1931 and 1952 a modern edition of Newton's Opticks was published
with a Preface by Einstein in which he specifically also claimed
that Newton's (blackbox) optics theory was a forerunner of the
'Wave/Particle' Duality theory that he supported (which is maybe
better termed EnergyPacket/Particle duality as it generally
involves no medium that can wave). But this involves a silly
interpretation of Newton's actual optics ideas, which were based on
Newton's blackbox theory which only allowed of multiple theory
explanations as philosophically possible though unprovable IF they were
consistant with the same maths - and Duality theory involves
multiple theories with different contradictory maths. So this claim
of Einstein of Newton-compatibility was plain ridiculous. If
blackbox theory acceptance of alternatives leads to anything along
those lines, it must be to an 'image theory' of science theories
like that proposed elsewhere on this website. (PS. Newton's optics
explained known light phenomena mathematically as well as did wave
theory - the only 'problem' being that his 'light fits' when light
passed close to atoms was not understood - and was presumably a
microscopic quantal effect. Anyway, the fact that the initial
write-up of a theory does not explain every phenomenon in the
universe is no proof that it cannot be amplified to do that and
certainly is not a sufficient disproof of any science theory)
In reality Einstein only disproved some of Descartes push-physics,
adding to Newton's disproof of some of it. Relativity physics was
actually a basic part of Gilbert signal attraction physics in its
'mutuality' which Newton physics also incorporated but Einstein
ignored. William Gilbert 'mutuality' and 'coition' physics was
basically relativistic and did not rest on fixed co-ordinate
requirements or the like as Einstein supposed. And Newton's theory
took such as only a matter of convenience and not a theory
requirement either. All 'attraction' forces on a body and resulting
motions are in both magnitude and direction relative to another
body. It is also generally not proven that Einstein-supported
'field physics' maths cannot also be derived from Einstein-opposed
'signal attraction physics'. And it is generally not proven that
Einstein-supported 'relativity' maths cannot also be derived from
Einstein-opposed 'attraction mutuality physics'. These may well
involve image compatabilities.
Though signal observer relativity was no doubt rightly central to
Einstein's physics, his was a physics which itself had only matter,
energy and continua and no observers or signals within it so that his
observers and signals are weakly defined. Most attempts to incorporate
observation and measurement into physics are maybe too narrowly
human-oriented or 'anthropomorphic'. In line with both Relational Quantum
Mechanics and Gilbert-Newton Attraction Physics, it can reasonably be
posited that no physical event can happen without some information or
signal being observed and responded to. Then the key requirements of
the physical universe would seem to be not particles and/or waves and humans;
but information emitters, information responders and response time ? Gilbert
response physics and its Newton derived attraction physics did include observers
and signals within the physics and Einstein might better have worked
from that to have observers and signals better defined. Relativity
basically took light and other 'electromagnetic signals' as
emissions from bodies that, a Gilbert robot-matter Attraction
theory supporter might complain, do little substantial in the
universe except happen to inform human observers. Observers and
signals are really bodies outside Einstein's actual physics and not
essential bodies in it, unlike Gilbert signal theory or attraction
theory as used by Newton though not fully publicly committed to by
him. Einstein physics is really less a relativity physics than
Gilberts. And almost all that we now know about the universe has
come from electromagnetic or other signals, and perhaps nothing has
as yet been learnt from any mechanical or force ether or spacetime
continuum indicators. And interestingly in modern signal theory,
the difference between digital and analogue signals is basically
the difference between particles and waves.
Classical experimental physics theory certainly had holes so that
Einstein could push his fictional-experiment 'relativity' physics theory.
And some now think that real physics started with Einstein, though
there is a maybe stronger argument that Einstein ended real physics
theory and started a science-fiction physics theory based on his
'thought-experiment' method. Of course there is some chance that any
science based only on thought may be right, but generally science
based on experiments has a bigger chance of being right.
'Thought-experiments' can easily give results that conflict with the
results of real experiments. Einstein physics was challenged chiefly by
quantum mechanics and its standard model(s), which has involved
substantial real experiment on particles but has maybe struggled on its theory side.
To some at least, support for Einstein's relativity theory is
support for its mathematics only - in line with Newton's blackbox
theory position that science is only about predictive mathematical
description of natural phenomena, and that explanations are
unnecessary philosophy. From that position, Einstein's mathematics
might allow of several different explanations of the physical
universe - different image theories. Perhaps, in adopting duality physics
and contradiction in physics, Einstein thought that he was merely
expanding on Newton's black-box compatible alternative-theories
physics. But there was a rigorous logic to Newton blackbox physics, and
none to duality physics or contradiction physics. Einstein really rejected
real science for a sci-fi magic version, and has been followed in that by too
many who should know better.
Atomic physics - what is an atom ?
Most early physicists assumed that gravity and the like were
atom behaviours, and that atoms must be basically simple and
improved knowledge of atoms would clarify the laws of physics for
gravity etcetera. But atomic physics study has shown atoms to
actually be complex, more in line with William Gilbert atom
behaviour theory than with Descartes simple billiard-ball atoms.
Early experiments seemed to show atoms as basically electromagnetic
with electrons orbiting protons, but soon were taken as involving
more parts and more behaviours. Atoms can absorb and emit light and
other EM radiation, and can absorb and emit different particles,
with some atomic events seeming simple immediate events and some
involving cumulative excitement delay. And the behaviour of atoms
including the photoelectric effect and spontaenous radiation seem
to show that generally hitting an atom with a large particle causes
a large immediate clear atomic radiation effect while some small
things may have a delayed cumulative effect that can be hard to
link to cause. Most atomic experiment has been on 'hitting' atoms
with big stuff, though no actual contacts have ever been observed.
And this is perhaps more 'abnormal' atom behaviour - and far from
clarifying gravity and electromagnetic forces, atomic physics has
been had to assume that two new additional very different unproven
atomic forces also exist.
While gravity and electromagnetic forces can be demonstrated to
have basically infinite range with strength decreasing with
distance, the supposed Strong and Weak atomic forces are claimed to
somehow have a limited small range - and a Nobel prize was issued
to David Gross et al for the claimed discovery that the short-range
strong atomic force INCREASES with distance. The claim of a
multitude of forces at work within an atom is problematic for
Einstein physics, and atomic physicists generally adopt some
version of quantum theory often with forces said to be based on
particle exchange emission rather than on fields or space continua.
Their 'particles' include as yet undetected gravitons for gravity,
and others for electric charge and magnetism, as yet with little
evidence. If atoms physically appear mini-solar-systems, their
behaviour and forces seem more complex rather than simpler ! Modern
atomic science atoms are looking too complex for Newton or Einstein
theory but are maybe looking better suited to being Gilbert signal
emission robot behaviour atoms ? There has been much debate in
physics recently on whether the Graviton exists, though no debate
on whether a Graviton might be a momentum-push particle, an energy
quantum or perhaps a particle or energy quantum signal ?
And our 'elementary particles' like electrons may yet be found to
themselves be complex systems. The mathematics of elementary
particles and of photons allows of a humble 5+ MeV electron
possibly being a complex composite system of eg 5,000,000+ 1 eV
photons and/or other components ?
Light
Gilbert claimed that the physical universe works 'like light',
while Descartes' optics had light as a push in his material ether
medium, and both Newton and Einstein produced works on light as
particulate radiation (or 'corpuscular' or 'quantal') without
committing fully to them - and both considered light as subject to
gravity. Yet others produced theories on light as waves in a
medium, and support has at times swung between different theories
of light. Light certainly shows some complex radiation,
transmission and absorption behaviours not all of which seem easily
explained by one theory ? Hence it basically travels in straight
lines while waves spread all around, and a denser medium makes
normal pressure waves travel faster but makes light travel slower.
Several formulations of wave-particle duality theory have not given
anything agreeable, and some experiments claiming to follow light
paths may involve light absorbtion and re-emission or combine
responses to light with responses to some Gilbert signal emitted by
light photons.
Einstein relativity theory has to assign only to light the unique
absolute property of velocity invariance even relative to moving
observers. The normal almost-constant speed of light for stationary
observers is reasonably understandable and may be simply the escape
velocity from an attraction force as of the electron, as c =
√ 2F/r , where F is force and r is electron radius.
(that would require light to be a mass and be attracted by gravity or another force) Or
if light emission is by a repulsive force as of the electron using repulsion
acceleration force signals emitted at velocity c, then if the light
emission reaches velocity c it would then cease to receive the repulsive
acceleration signals and would so emit at the repulsion force signal velocity c.
Both attraction escape velocity and repulsion force signal velocity explanations
of c raise the issue of exactly what forces they could relate to. But it
is certainly not proved that stuff like water and glass are not
largely vacuum. And if a 'non-vacuum' is simply a vacuum with a few
bodies in it, then light slowed in a 'non-vacuum' is probably light
slowed in a vacuum and so is probable evidence against a key part
of Einstein's theory ? And Einstein velocity invariance is an
absolute property that is not a normal property of waves that wave
a medium and is not a normal property of particles either. Yet
Gilbert signal attraction physics has a simple natural relative
property, signalness, that can apply to light and maybe some other
things only when they are acting as signals in eliciting signal
responses from another body. And signalness is a natural relative
property, and looks much stronger than the unnatural absolute light
velocity-invariance property needed by Einstein relativity. (If
Einstein's observer was blind and had to rely only on sound signals
then his relativity physics collapses.)
Einstein's theory seems to be supported by the fact that particle
accelerators to date generally cease to accelerate particles that
have reached speeds close to the speed of light. But this is
confined to only electromagnetic acceleration of charged particles,
which could be explained in a signal response physics by a response
time. Einstein non-response theory always assumes a zero response
time which looks maybe unlikely ? Signal saturation and other
established signal theory effects could also possibly be involved.
Of course Newton insisted that no fixed velocity, even the velocity
of light, can really be distinguished from rest - and so like
Gilbert based his science on acceleration rather than on velocity
with F=ma rather than F=mv² suggesting Einstein's E=mc²
may be shakier ground. Einstein's claim for c as a velocity limit for all
motion also seems confined to rectilinear motion and maybe does not
cover spin motion ?
Light interacts with atomic particles and most is known about its
interaction with electrons which look much like simple particle
collision type interactions, though little is actually known about
simple particle collisions if they exist at all. Logically perhaps
light looks like a class of particles normally bound to electrons
by some attraction force the escape velocity from which is c. While
light is said by some to be waves of a range of frequencies, it
often acts like uncharged particles of a range of masses though
perhaps not responding to gravity like normal matter. Neutrons were
at first claimed to be light wave photons, but they act quite
differently and collide with atom nucleons more than with atom
electrons.
Two interesting types of light-electron interactions are those
called the Photoelectric Effect and the Compton Effect :-
The Photoelectric Effect involves different
atoms emitting electrons in response to incoming photons.
1. A quantal response threshold normally applies, no electrons
being emitted if the energy/frequency of each photon received is
too low. (so normally one 4ev photon gets a response but two 2ev
electrons gets no response - however some much lower-level of
response is also produced in the latter case, seemingly whenever
two lower energy photons are received simultaenously as
Sipila et al 2007 )
2. If electrons are emitted, the energy of each emitted electron is
normally proportional to the energy/frequency of each
above-threshold photon received.
3. If electrons are emitted, the number emitted is normally
proportional to the number of above-threshold photons
received.
This 'Photoelectric Effect' is better called the Photoelectron
Effect, as the electric charge seems to not be involved at
all
The Compton Effect seems to involve light
hitting electrons and losing energy/frequency and deflecting
electrons in proportion to photon energy/frequency as though that
was photon mass momentum. This is also affected by the energy state
of the electron, and has a much bigger multi-photon response than
does the Photoelectric Effect.
Many take the Photoelectric and Compton Effects as proving that
light is quantal, which may be true though generally responses
being quantal does not as Einstein concluded require signals being
quantal, though it certainly shows that atoms can respond to some
subsidary properties of things. Photoelectric Effect and Compton
Effect responses show a directionality range similar to ball
collision or to some spherical force repulsion. (and if a central
attraction force has some emission Escape Velocity such as c, then
a central repulsion force should have some equivalent absorbtion
Entry Velocity such as c ? This might suggest emitted photons
having some property differing from absorbed photons, but this does
hold for emitted electrons and absorbed electrons.) It has been shown
that atoms can gain momentum by absorbing a photon of one energy
and re-emitting a photon of some different energy, the energies being
quantised, see -
Physics World
A quantal signal theory of light that could alone explain both wave
and particle responses might perhaps be a Particle Set theory of
light, where light is emitted as a set of say 3 particles and 1
particle set is 1 photon. Some physical effects could then be to
its set properties and some physical effects be to its particle
properties. Set properties could include equivalents to wavelength
but not have its relationship to velocity that simple waves
have.
But a wave theory of light could perhaps also alone explain both
wave and quantal responses using all-or-none response mechanisms as
a mechanical clock can convert continuous spring pressure to
digital rachet motion. 'Duality' theory, as in taking light or
matter as both being a wave and being not a wave, of course
involves blatent logical contradiction and as such should not be
unconditionally acceptable in science. Even if nature actually
behaves in apparently contradictory ways, good science seems to
require that there must be some non-contradictory explanation
behind it. So at most it may be reasonable science to say that
light seems to show both wave and non-wave behaviours and the
explanation for it is not known and not to support contradictory
'duality theory'. Or for multiple theories to be logically
acceptable they must fit the conditions set by General Image Theory
science.
 |
- a particle-set photon. - a wave. |
|||
Indeed the logical particle theory interpretation of the
photoelectric effect having a 'wavelength' requirement seems to be
a particle-set interpretation. Light theory currently requiring
duality is certainly unsatisfactory and suggests the need for new
experiments, perhaps not just on light itself but on a range of
particle beams and on a range of pressure waves in a variety of
scenarios to clarify the actual properties of them. Pressure waves
have perhaps been fairly thoroughly studied, but particle rays much
less so - especially uncharged particle rays like neutrons that
seem to react little with matter and so are almost unseens and hard
to detect refraction, diffraction etc in. It may be that in similar
circumstances both behave similarly or not to some extent, hence
diffraction at material edges is a wave property but might also be
a particle ray response to quantal signals from material edges.
In some circumstances a laser spot on a wall can be observed to
move along the wall faster than the speed of light. While here nothing
actual is moving faster than light, this is an observable illusion of
something appearing to move faster than the speed of light. But
strangely astronomy and particle physics seem to never report
observing this type of illusion, and that maybe raises an issue as to
the reliability of some astronomy and some particle physics ?
And astronomical 'evidence' of 'gravity bending light' or 'spacetime
bending light' seem to not fully match laboratory experiment, and
with our limited knowledge of the actual physics of
extraterrestrial regions could be mere refraction or diffraction
type events. Many key physics issues now seem not logic or maths
issues, but experiment issue and all possible experiments have not
yet been done. And interpretation of experimental results involving
light acting as a signal certainly needs to consider signal theory
interpretation, as in our Light as a
signal section.
PS. Isaac Newton demonstrated, and many experiments since have
confirmed, that objects respond to gravity from other bodies as
though gravity signals travel at a speed much greater than the
speed of light. Hence moving-body gravity does not seem to show
speed-of-light propagation abberation delays. Objects give a
gravity response to a moving body that is not directed to where the
body was when light left that body but to a position ahead of that.
The same seems to hold also for electric and magnetic forces. One
possible explanation of this fact may be that gravity, electric and
magnetic signals actually propagate at a speed greater than the
speed of light. But several other explanations have been suggested.
One possible explanation for this observed effect suggested by
William Gilbert attraction theory could be that response to
gravity, electric and magnetic signals involves a signal
anticipation mechanism (akin to eg anticipator thermostats). So a
simple mechanism for this (tending to cancel at least some of the
normal delay effect of a signal taking time to travel) could be
response requiring a set of multiple signals and its directionality
being to the last of the set ? - as below with response needing a
set of three gravitons ;
Of course alternative anticipatory signal response mechanisms
are conceivable, but anticipatory signal response mechanisms would
involve specific testable predictions for astronomy and physics.
Hence the above mechanism should show a decreasing effect at
increased gravitation intensities. It would also of course involve
the effect varying with the direction and angle of the motion
trajectory. Of course generally emissions including perhaps light and
gravity signals should be emitted in some direction with some velocity
in that direction, but with additionally also a velocity component that
reflects any velocity present in the emitter. Testing for such will present
problems, especially if one velocity is usually much smaller than the other.
There are related consequences for the emitter on an 'action and reaction
are equal and opposite' basis, and other consequences if an emission
does not involve such 'velocity-carrying'. And motion velocity or acceleration
of bodies may confer properties on them that motion direction does not,
though measurement is generally direction specific and direction dependent.
A basic signal theory view of Newton 2-body gravitation might
reasonably involve a background signal flux and 2 body fluxes
something like below. And though a difference in background
gravitation will have do direct force impact on the relative motion
of 2 bodies, it could have an indirect impact if it changes the
extent of gravity anticipation by the two bodies.
Some kind of signal response mechanism seems really needed in
the perhaps dubious Shifting Gravity Theory proposed by Daniel
Emilio at Shifting Gravity. That basically needs particle
gravity response to be basically a William Gilbert robot-response,
but many signal-response mechanisms can have mechanical equivalents
such as using valve, escapement and other mechanisms.
In most field and ether theories including Einstein's, forces are
basically tied to their sources as the Sun's gravity and can only
be modified by modifying the source (ie. the Sun). But in a Gilbert
style signal theory when graviton signals are emitted by the Sun
(like light) they are separated from it and may allow of signal
modification as by gravity-shields or gravity-magnifiers - though
none such have yet been discovered. And signal theory can offer
other effects as signal thresholds, signal saturation, response
maxima and reaction time are normal phenomena in any signal theory,
but their equivalents in other forms of physics theory when present
can often appear perhaps more arbitrary ?
But despite modern quantum physics development like string, loop
and other quantal theories that seem supported mostly by 'particle
physicists' and only some using field and particle-wave duality
ideas, it can perhaps be said that nobody has yet successfully
published a disproof of Einstein's physics theory ? In current
physics, the first statement by C.A.Mead in his introduction to his
2000 'Collective Electrodynamics' is that "the last 7 decades of
the 20th centuary will be characterized in history as the dark ages
of theoretical physics" - and perhaps it has not ended yet. In the
rest of his work Mead claims to prove that the universe consists
only of electromagnetic waves and fields with no medium - his maths
look good and others have backed such waves, but waves in nothing
and fields of nothing as not nothing ? For other relevant views of
physics theory now see our String
Theory, and our Black Hole, Dark Matter, Universe
Expansion and other claimed Gravity
phenomena sections.
Einstein, unlike Newton, Descartes and Gilbert, published none
of his science in Latin - sticking largely to his native German.
English translations to date seem largely to be on his relativity
theories dealing with trickier phenomena. If we ever find a good
explanation of his relativity theory for ordinary phenomena, as to
how gravity works for planets and comets and how collision energy
transfer between bodies works with his E=mc² (how that works
for emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves [or photons]
seems obvious), then we will add it here.
As the closest I can find for now, you can read good English
translations of Einsteins interesting 1920 lecture on Ether and the
Theory of Relativity and his 1910 non-relativity lecture on
Electricity and Magnetism here.
And you can read an English version of Einstein's 1916 Relativity,
through the excellent Google Books -
Google Einstein - see more about using Google Books at the
bottom of our History
of Science section.
Or the best source of Einstein papers 'Einstein
Archives'
Or you might want to buy books on Einstein or other physics in our
USA
Einstein books or UK
Einstein books sections.
Or to read another physicist view of Einstein's relativity see
Many-Minds Relativity.
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