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English
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In current physics 'The Standard Model' theory might maybe better be called 'The Undefined Model' theory. And two basic versions of the Standard Model theory are current, a particle version with forces involving particle exchange and a field energy version where the particles are energy or field quanta. But its particles have poorly defined 'charges' including 'colour-charges' and other aspects that do not seem to fit the Descartes (only size, shape and motion) particle definition, and its energy or field quanta seem to be poorly defined energies of nothing or fields of nothing based on waves of nothing ?
In current Standard Model theory, fermion particles involve 1
stable family pair of Quarks with 1 stable family pair of Leptons
(electrons, muons and taons)
plus 2 unstable family pairs of Quarks with 2 unstable family pairs
of Leptons. An additional 7 boson 'particles' are also postulated,
including the massless Photon and Gluon 'particles'.
Fermions :
up quark ............... 0.005000000
down quark .......... 0.009000000
electron ................ 0.000510000
electron neutrino .. 0.000000007
charm quark ......... 1.350000000
strange quark ....... 0.175000000
muon .................... 0.106000000
muon neutrino ...... 0.000270000
top quark ......... 174.000000000
bottom quark ....... 4.500000000
tau ....................... 1.780000000
tau neutrino ......... 0.030000000
Bosons :
photon .................0.000000000
W+ .................... 60.200000000
W- ......................80.200000000
Z ........................91.200000000
gluon (x8) ............ 0.000000000
higgs ............... 500.000000000
graviton ............... 0.000000000
The gluon is claimed to have 8 colour-charge types being forms of
red + blue + antired + antiblue, or red + green + antired +
antigreen, or blue + green + antiblue + antigreen. And quarks are claimed
to combine to form neutrons and protons which are termed hadrons.
Fermions are claimed to have half-integer 'spin' and obey Fermi-Dirac behaviour
in being unable to exist in the same quantum state or space. They basically
are Descartes push-particles.
Bosons are claimed to have integer 'spin' and obey Bose-Einstein behaviour in
that multiple identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state or space.
They basically are more like energy wave packets than like classical particles.
While some bosons are claimed to have 'mass' other are claimed to not, and some
bosons like photons are readily detected but others seem impossible to detect.
Bosons are generally problematic in standard model physics, as is its explanation
of at-a-distance-forces as being due to 'virtual boson' exchange. Protons and Electrons
are claimed to electrically attract eachother by Virtual Photon exchange in an
Electrical Interaction force, and Protons and Neutrons composed of Quarks are
claimed to internally bond by Virtual Gluon exchange attraction in a Strong Interaction
force that increases with distance unlike other forces. Protons and Electrons are also
claimed to weakly attract eachother by Virtual W and Z boson exchange in an Electroweak
Interaction force. Mass particles are claimed to gravitationally attract eachother by Virtual
Graviton exchange in a Gravitational Interaction force.
These virtual particle exchanges are said to be unobservables.
Of course normal particle exchange in a Descartes
particle physics might seem a reasonable recoil explanation for a
universal repulsion force if there was any such, but is trickier
for the attractive forces and for the selectivity of forces actually
shown by nature. Of course simple particle contact collisions could
look similar to repulsions. Virtual particle exchange may seem to
need some attraction mechanism as well as a signal mechanism for
prompting exchanges. Forces cannot be directly shown to be due to
'force-carrying particles', since eg a photon beam does not produce
electric attraction and a static electricity charged object does not
produce a photon beam. And of course photons show a wide range
of variation that ecectric charge does not show.
Standard Model physics uses Feynman diagrams, where only lines
entering or leaving a diagram represent observable particles. Below
two electrons enter an interaction, exchanging unobservable virtual
photons, and then exit ;

Fermion 'particles' are all claimed by some to have
'anti-particles' of similar mass but opposite charge that can form
'anti-matter'. A particle and its anti-particle are said to undergo
'annihilation interactions' by both converting to photons.
Strangely little anti-matter seems to exist, but there are more
reasonable claims that much 'dark matter' exists maybe composed
mostly of non-atomic neutrinos. Claims of 'dark energy' are trickier,
as noted in our
Gravity section.
There are four fundamental forces in Standard Model physics, the
activities of which are generally defined as being ;
This might perhaps be better redefined, explaining particle properties and better for a signal physics, as ;
Of course signal-response systems have been built that produce several responses to one signal,
or produce different responses to different signals. So the above are not the only possible
definitions of forces and/or of 'particles', and several sets of such definitions might well
allow of the same force response event mathematics.
There is strong evidence that forces seem to become very digital at
close distances, so sub-atomic particle bindings/ energies/ masses/ lifetimes
all seem to involve very narrow and possibly specific mass/energy levels.
This contrasts greatly with the apparent gradation of force effects in the
universe at macroscopic levels. It is not clear if this applies to only some
forces like the strong force, or to all forces including whatever collision force
is. So it is not clear what the real general explanation is, or if there is one
general real explanation involved or maybe more than one. It is not clear
if sub-atomic force evidence favours some one general physics theory or may
fit with some several general physics theories if appropriately specified.
There have been some perhaps poorly defined claims that at very close distances
these forces may be the same strength and effectively be just one force, and claims
that these forces may be all due to the sending of some 'Messenger Particles' or 'Force
Photons' back and forth. Of course many physicists support Einstein's view that
gravitational force differs fundamentally from the other forces.
You can listen to some interesting recent lectures by some physicists on
related experiments and some interpretations of them, at
VIA.
Of course some physicists now support contradiction-allowed duality physics
where the 'elementary particles' both are 'wave packets' and are 'not-wave particles'.
Others prefer to go with only one of these alternatives. One option involving no contradiction
might be taking 'elementary particles' as being multi-particle 'vibratons'
composed of many standard particles allowing standard wave motion
among their parts ?
Standard Model physics is mostly used by those employed in particle physics,
often along with some version of Quantum Mechanics. But particle physics experiment is
now often statistical experiment physics, and the real physics often boils down to statistical
significance interpretation - and most physicists are poor statisticians. Modern physics
'experiment' often has the same basic statistics weakness as much modern medical
'experiment'. Standard Model theories perhaps realistically represent more a promising physics
awaiting a properly defined theory ?
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